Showing posts with label Rosetta stone. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Rosetta stone. Show all posts

Thursday, August 28, 2014

Ugarit is the Capital city of a prehistoric principality

It is the Capital city of a prehistoric principality in what these days is on the northern part of the Syrian coast, just north of the city of Latakia. Ugarit was never large nor very influential and its major renown these days is associated to its very vital archaeological finds of cuneiform tablets.


The city is located about 1 km in from the coastline, and roofed an area roughly about 0.3 km². Its populace is around 1600 BCE has been likely amid 6000 and 8000, making it a reasonably sized town of this time.

Ugarit was a town of a lot of authorized buildings and temples to divinity like Baal and Dagan, mutually with a broad choice of libraries. Most imperative buildings were situated about the walled off palace, a palace which also had its own and personal direct gate directly out of town.

Thanks to the wide choice of cuneiform tablets, we know fairly a bit on Ugarit - as an instance, the estimate on populace is derivative from census information on such tablets. On the tablets of Ugarit there are recorded 4 lingo's (the local tongue Ugarit, Akkadian, Sumerian and Hurrian), written in 7 special scripts. Ugarit was a Semitic language which in its former stages was written with 30 cuneiform signs, but by the 13th century BCE, 25 or 22 signs had turn out to be very common. The Ugaritic writing is normally measured to be the world's oldest alphabet.

The tablets offer a distinctive instance of Bronze Age literature. Texts comprise "Legend of Keret", "Legend of Danel", "Myth of Baal-Aliyan" and "Death of Baal" - all belong to Old Canaanite mythology. For researchers of the Old testimony, Ugaritic texts have verified imperative, as they illustrate that the old patriarchal stories of the older Testament was based on written Canaanite credentials. Ugarit also gives its own art way and style, even if there are many illustrations of Egyptian power. For the structural design i.e. architecture, we see instances of Mycenaean sway, shows that Ugarit had a urban culture.
What brought Ugarit down were annihilation from the Sea People, almost certainly mutually with earthquakes and famines.
Though the site is considered to have been occupied prior, Neolithic Ugarit was previously vital enough to be carrying weapons with a wall early on, possibly by 6000 BC.

The first written proof stating the city comes from the close by city of Ebla, ca. 1800 BC. Ugarit conceded into the sphere of power of Egypt, which intensely influenced its art. The initial Ugaritic contact and touch with Egypt comes from a carnelian bead known with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I, 1971 BCE-1926 BC. A stela and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found. On the other hand, it is indistinct at what time these tombstones got to Ugarit. Amarna letters from Ugarit ca. 1350 BC accounts one letter each one from Ammittamru I, Niqmaddu II, and his queen.
Boar rhyton, Mycaenean ceramic import to Ugarit, 14th-13th century BC (Louvre) At the time of its high culture, from the 16th to the 13th century BC, Ugarit hang about in steady touch with Egypt and Cyprus (named Alashiya).

Literature:
Apart from royal correspondence to neighboring Bronze Age monarchs, Ugaritic literature from tablets found in the libraries include mythological texts written in a narrative poetry, letters, legal documents such as land transfers, a few international treaties, and a number of administrative lists. Fragments of several poetic works have been identified: the "Legend of Kirtu," the "Legend of Danel", the Ba'al tales that feature Baal- Hadad's clashes with Yam and Mot, and other fragments.

What is Rosetta stone?


The Rosetta Stone was a stele that was discovered in 1799 near the town of Rosetta in Egypt. While working to restore old fortresses for Napoleon's invading army, Captain Pierre-François Bouchard uncovered the stone and recognized it as a valuable linguistic clue. The Rosetta stone is a slab of black basalt carved with an inscription in three alphabets.

Original stone

Rosetta stone is an original portion of a larger stone or slab and when it was found, its three texts are not complete. Only the last 14 lines of the hieroglyphic text can be seen. It has 32 lines craved on it and out of it, 14 were damaged. Now the Rosetta stone is considered to be 49 inches high, but the broken part of the stone suggests that it could be in the height of 59 inches. So from the facts found from the stone, it is considered as an original stele. Stele is generally called as a wooden slab or stone that is height and wide in nature.

Memphis decree and its context

The stone was in the period of Ptolemaic dynasty and it was issued by the priests who gathered at Memphis. The Rosetta stone was originally carved in 196 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy V. This stele is a late example of a class of donation stele, which depicts the reigning monarch granting a tax exemption to the resident priesthood. This stele is doesn't have its origin in where it was found and possibly it was in the royal town of Sais. Ancient Egyptian temples were later used as quarries for new construction, and the Rosetta stone probably was re-used in this manner.

Rediscovery of Rosetta Stone

This stele was then rediscovered during the period of napoleon campaign. Napoleon himself inspected what had already begun to be called la Pierre de Rosette, the Rosetta stone, shortly before his return to France in August 1799. In 1800, three of the Commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone.

Rosetta stone from French to British possession:

After napoleon departure, the French troops were defeated by British in the battle. After the surrender of French troops, the dispute arose on the archeological and scientific discoveries of Egypt. But, at last the stones were transferred to British hands and how it was transferred was not very clear. The stone has been exhibited almost continuously in the British Museum since June 1802. The Rosetta stone was transferred to the sculpture gallery in 1834 shortly after Montagu House was demolished and replaced by the building that now houses the British Museum. During the world war in 1917, the museum was destructed by heavy bomb, but the stone was kept safely.

Reading the Rosetta stone

The Rosetta stone's inscription was written in both Egyptian and Greek. The Egyptian portion was written in both demotic -- a type of common, everyday alphabet -- and the more ancient and formal hieroglyphs. The discovery about the mysterious script of the stone was started by the scholars.

Greek Text

At the time of the Rosetta stone's inscription, both Greek and Egyptian languages were used in Egypt. Thus the earliest translations of the Greek text of the stone show the translators still struggling with the historical context and with administrative and religious jargon.





Demotic Text

At the time of its discovery, the Sweden scholar John David was working on the script and some of the examples have been recently founded in Egypt and it is known as demotic. One of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta stone made him to realize that the middle text was in this same script. John published an alphabet of 29 letters that he had identified from the Greek names in the demotic text.






Hieroglyphic Text

Silvestre de Sacy who was working along with John David gave up the work on the stone and in 1811; Silvestre de Sacy considered a suggestion made by Georg Zoëga that the foreign names in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions might be written phonetically. Silvestre de Sacy handed this work to Thomas, the young foreign secretary of the Royal Society of London. Young did so and during 1823; he confirmed this by identifying the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches in far older hieroglyphic inscriptions. And then, other texts were developed into a hieroglyphic dictionary.




The later work and rivalries:

Later the work was focused on understanding the full version of the text that was carved on the stone. Antoine-Jean Letronne promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion's use. The work gets stalled due to the sudden death of Champollion. Letronne was at last able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it, which appeared in 1841. Then, many scholars did the research on the Rosetta stone and the fact is that and the stone words did not match with the words that were originally expected. The rivalries of this stone did not get over even after the death of young and Champollion, it continued the same. And in 1970, both the French and English visitors complained about the portrait of Champollion and young, but the real fact was that both were in the same size.


Copyright © 2014 Archaeology Excavation